Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Comparative Analysis of Red Onion-Derived Exosome-Like Nanovesicles and Extract Reveals Sustained Immunomodulatory Effects in LPS/IFN-γ-Stimulated Microglia

doi: 10.1007/s12035-026-05820-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of RO-ELNs and extract against ATP + LPS/IFN-γ stimulated pro-inflammatory mediators in HMC3 cells. RO-ELNs with a concentration of 1 × 10 9 particles/mL were pretreated for 20 or 6 h before acute or prolonged neuroinflammation models. Extract with a concentration of 125 µg/mL was incubated for only 6 h for both acute and prolonged neuroinflammation models. Western blot and quantitative analyses show the ability of RO-ELNs and extract in inhibiting P-NF-κB ( A , B ) and COX-2 ( C , D ) expression levels in HMC3 cells at different time points 4 and 48 h of neuroinflammation. GAPDH was used as a housekeeping protein. The antioxidative properties of RO-ELNs and extract ( E ) and their ability to decrease IL-6, TNF-α secretion levels ( F , G ) at 4 and 48 h of neuroinflammation. Data are expressed as mean ± standard ( n ≥ 3): * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. As a result of the initial reversed loading sequence for COX-2, lanes were rearranged digitally to align with the experimental grouping presented in the paper. All lanes originated from the same membrane and exposure. A separation dash marks the realignment. Uncropped original membranes can be found in Supplementary Figure

Article Snippet: 3033), and GAPDH (Boster, M00227-7) antibodies overnight at 4 °C.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Incubation, Western Blot, Expressing, Sequencing, Membrane